Lamia BENREDJEM2026-02-092026-02-092025572.8/002-Phttp://dspace.univ-khenchela.dz:4000/handle/123456789/10501This handout is designated for Master's students in Applied Microbiology. It aims to provide students with in-depth knowledge of the experimental approach, using the concepts and techniques of modern biology: biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, immunology, genetics and microbiology. The aim of this course is twofold: first, to equip the students with the technical skills needed to design and execute experiments, and second, to foster critical thinking about biological systems at the molecular level. By understanding how each technique works and recognizing its strengths and limitations, the students will be prepared to analyze data rigorously and adapt protocols to real‑world challenges.enWorking Paper