MEKERSI Nawal2026-03-122026-03-122026633-001-Phttp://dspace.univ-khenchela.dz:4000/handle/123456789/10858Biotechnology is a highly multidisciplinary field that draws upon a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, immunology, microbiology, pharmacology, fermentation technology, and agriculture, among others. Each of these contributing areas brings its own specialized terminology and nomenclature standards, which can create significant challenges in scientific communication. This course is primarily intended for second-year undergraduate students (L2) in the field of Biotechnology. It is also designed for students and readers from other disciplines who have an interest in understanding the principles and applications of biotechnology. Objective This unit aims to introduce the fundamental concepts and the evolution of biotechnology by developing a solid understanding of its historical background and core definitions. It focuses on general principles, the integration of multiple scientific disciplines, the acquisition of specialized knowledge, and recent developments in specific areas of biotechnology. Like any academic work, this material may contain limitations or unintentional omissions. Therefore, constructive feedback, corrections, and recommendations from fellow teachers and researchers actively working in the field are always welcome and highly appreciated.enOther