The plastic low analysis of cold strained DC04 ferritic steel using BBC family yield functions under associated low rule and non‑associated low rule concepts
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Date
2026
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Abstract
This study compares the mechanical properties of numerically predicted anisotropic parameters (using the BBC family of
models) and experimentally measured results for DC04 steel sheets. The evolution of mechanical properties—such as low
stresses and Lankford coeicient—was analysed during initial plastic anisotropy and mechanical strain hardening in material
forming. The results show that the evolution of mechanical properties under isotropic work hardening was predicted with
respect to the selected strain levels during tensile testing of the steel. A proposed regression model efectively described the
yield stress and r-value behaviour. The Lankford parameter was determined as an instantaneous value based on polynomial
itting of the transverse versus longitudinal true plastic strain curve. Using 08 and 16 independent orthotropic parameters, the
BBC criteria family (2003_8p, 2005_8p, 2008_8p, and 2008_16p) was formulated and tested under a non-associated plasticity
framework
across
diferent
material
orientations
relative
to
the
sheet's
rolling
direction.
Vickers
hardness
was
determined
by
hardness
testing
and measuring
the
two
diagonal indentations.
The aspect ratio,
deined as the
ratio
of diagonal lengths
in
the
longitudinal direction
to
those
in the
thickness
direction,
was
linked
to
the
Lankford
coeicient. A strong
correlation
was
observed
between
experimental
hardness
measurements
and
the
material's
anisotropic
properties.